Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development 

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Vygotsky knew that children needed an expert to help teach a child a new concept. 

He discovered children have skills and abilities that fit into three categories:

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-What they can do on their own

-*What they can do with help

-What they still have to learn

*Zone of Proximal Development

"Through others we

become ourselves."

-Vygotsky

Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

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• When met with a challenge, it is how the child faces it that determines development.

• Erikson argued that stages of childhood are very important for development.

• Development is a life long process. 

0-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust

18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

3-5 years: Initiative vs. Guilt

5-13 years: Industry vs. Inferiority

13-21 years: Identity vs. Confusion

"Play is the most natural

method of self-healing

that childhood offers."

-Erikson

Bronfenbrenner's Egological Theory

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• Systems work together to promote development.

• How each system interacts with the child plays a large role in their development.

• All aspects of a child's life is affected by their interactions with each system. 

"Every child needs at least one adult who is irrationally crazy about him or her."

-Bronfenbrenner